# 包的序列化

This topic provides detailed information about MAVLink packet serialization, including the over-the-wire formats for MAVLink v1 and v2 packets, the ordering of fields in the message payload, and the `CRC_EXTRA` used for ensuring that the sender and receiver share a compatible message definition.

主要是为正在创建/维护 MAVLink 生成器的开发者

:::tip
MAVLink users do not typically need to understand the serialization format, as encoding/decoding is handled by the MAVLink libraries.
:::

## Packet Format {#packet_format}

This section shows the serialized message format of MAVLink packets (the format is inspired by the [CAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus) and SAE AS-4 standards).

Note that multi-byte fields are serialized in little-endian format, and MAVLink libraries are configured by default to run on little-endian hardware.

### MAVLink 2 Packet Format {#mavlink2_packet_format}

Below is the over-the-wire format for a [MAVLink 2](../guide/mavlink_2.md) packet (the in-memory representation might differ).

![MAVLink v2 packet](../../assets/packets/packet_mavlink_v2.jpg)

| 字节索引                                                                                                                                                                         | C 版本                       | 内容                                                             | 值            | 说明                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 0                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t magic`            | 数据包启动标记                                                        | 0xFD         | 特定于协议的文本启动 (stx) 标记, 用于指示新数据包的开始。 任何不识别协议版本的系统都将跳过数据包。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| 1                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t len`              | 载荷长度                                                           | 0 - 255      | Indicates length of the following `payload` section. This may be affected by [payload truncation](#payload_truncation).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| 2                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t incompat_flags`   | [Incompatibility Flags](#incompat_flags)                       |              | 必须理解为 MAVLink 兼容性的标志 (如果不理解标志, 则实现丢弃数据包)。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t compat_flags`     | [Compatibility Flags](#compat_flags)                           |              | 如果不识别, 则可以忽略的标志 (即使不识别标志, 实现仍然可以处理数据包)。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| 4                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t seq`              | 数据包序列号                                                         | 0 - 255      | 用于检测数据包丢失。 组件为发送的每封消息递增值。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| 5                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t sysid`            | 系统 ID (发送者)                                 | 1 - 255      | ID of _system_ (vehicle) sending the message. 用于区分网络上的系统。 Note that the broadcast address 0 may not be used in this field as it is an invalid _source_ address.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| 6                                                                                                                                                                            | `uint8_t compid`           | 组件ID (发送者)                                  | 1 - 255      | ID of _component_ sending the message. Used to differentiate _components_ in a _system_ (e.g. autopilot and a camera). Use appropriate values in [MAV_COMPONENT](../messages/common.md#MAV_COMPONENT). Note that the broadcast address `MAV_COMP_ID_ALL` may not be used in this field as it is an invalid _source_ address. |
| <a id="v2_msgid"></a>7 to 9                                                                                                                                                  | `uint32_t msgid:24`        | 消息 ID (低、中级、高字节)                            | 0 - 16777215 | ID of _message type_ in payload. 用于将数据解码回消息对象。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| <a id="v2_payload"></a>For _n_-byte payload:<br>`n=0`: NA, `n=1`: 10, `n>=2`: 10 to (9+n) | `uint8_t payload[max 255]` | [Payload](#payload)                                            |              | 消息数据。 Depends on message type (i.e. Message ID) and contents.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| (n+10) to (n+11)                                                                                                                       | `uint16_t checksum`        | [Checksum](#checksum) (low byte, high byte) |              | CRC-16/MCRF4XX for message (excluding `magic` byte). Includes [CRC_EXTRA](#crc_extra) byte.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| (n+12) to (n+25)                                                                                                                       | `uint8_t signature[13]`    | [Signature](../guide/message_signing.md)                       |              | (可选) 签名以确保链接不受篡改。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |

- The minimum packet length is 12 bytes for acknowledgment packets without payload.
- The maximum packet length is 280 bytes for a signed message that uses the whole payload.

### MAVLink 1 Packet Format {#v1_packet_format}

Below is the over-the-wire format for a MAVLink 1 packet (the in-memory representation might differ).

![MAVLink v1 packet](../../assets/packets/packet_mavlink_v1.jpg)

| 字节索引                                                                                                                                                                       | C 版本                       | 内容                                                             | 值                                                         | 说明                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 0                                                                                                                                                                          | `uint8_t magic`            | 数据包启动标记                                                        | 0xFE                                                      | 特定于协议的文本启动 (stx) 标记, 用于指示新数据包的开始。 任何不识别协议版本的系统都将跳过数据包。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| 1                                                                                                                                                                          | `uint8_t len`              | 载荷长度                                                           | 0&nbsp;-&nbsp;255 | Indicates length of the following `payload` section (fixed for a particular message).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                                                                                                          | `uint8_t seq`              | 数据包序列号                                                         | 0 - 255                                                   | 用于检测数据包丢失。 组件为发送的每封消息递增值。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| 3                                                                                                                                                                          | `uint8_t sysid`            | System ID                                                      | 1 - 255                                                   | ID of _system_ (vehicle) sending the message. 用于区分网络上的系统。 Note that the broadcast address 0 may not be used in this field as it is an invalid _source_ address.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 4                                                                                                                                                                          | `uint8_t compid`           | Component ID                                                   | 1 - 255                                                   | ID of _component_ sending the message. Used to differentiate components in a _system_ (e.g. autopilot and a camera). Use appropriate values in [MAV_COMPONENT](../messages/common.md#MAV_COMPONENT). Note that the broadcast address `MAV_COMP_ID_ALL` may not be used in this field as it is an invalid _source_ address. |
| <a id="v1_msgid"></a>5                                                                                                                                                     | `uint8_t msgid`            | 消息 ID                                                          | 0 - 255                                                   | ID of _message type_ in payload. 用于将数据解码回消息对象。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| <a id="v1_payload"></a>For _n_-byte payload:<br>`n=0`: NA, `n=1`: 6, `n>=2`: 6 to (5+n) | `uint8_t payload[max 255]` | 有效负载数据                                                         |                                                           | 消息数据。 Content depends on message type (i.e. Message ID).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| (n+6) to (n+7)                                                                                                                       | `uint16_t checksum`        | [Checksum](#checksum) (low byte, high byte) |                                                           | CRC-16/MCRF4XX for message (excluding `magic` byte). Includes [CRC_EXTRA](#crc_extra) byte.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |

- 最低数据包长度是8字节，用于没有有效载荷确认数据包。
- 最大的数据包长度是完整有效载荷263字节。

## Incompatibility Flags (MAVLink 2) {#incompat_flags}

Incompatibility flags are used to indicate features that a MAVLink library must support in order to be able to handle the packet.
This includes any feature that affects the packet format/ordering.

:::info
A MAVLink implementation **must discard** a packet if it does not understand any flag in the `incompat_flags` field.
:::

Supported incompatibility flags include (at time of writing):

| 标记                                    | C 标志                   | 特性                                                                                                                                    |
| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| <a id="MAVLINK_IFLAG_SIGNED"></a>0x01 | `MAVLINK_IFLAG_SIGNED` | The packet is [signed](../guide/message_signing.md) (a signature has been appended to the packet). |

## Compatibility Flags (MAVLink 2) {#compat_flags}

Compatibility flags are used to indicate features won't prevent a MAVLink library from handling the packet (even if the feature is not understood).
This might include, for example, a flag to indicate that a packet should be treated as "high priority" (such a messages could be handled by any MAVLink implementation because packet format and structure is not affected).

A MAVLink implementation can safely ignore flags it doesn't understand in the `compat_flags` field.

## Payload Format {#payload}

MAVLink does not include information about the message structure in the payload itself (in order to reduce overhead)!
Instead the sender and receiver must share a common understanding of the meaning, order and size of message fields in the over-the-wire format.

Messages are encoded within the MAVLink packet:

- The `msgid` (message id) field identifies the specific message encoded in the packet.
- The `payload` field contains the message data.
  - MAVLink [reorders the message fields](#field_reordering) in the payload for over-the-wire transmission (from the order in the original [XML Message Definitions](../messages/index.md)).
  - MAVLink 2 [truncates](../guide/mavlink_2.md#packet_truncation) any zero-filled bytes at the end of the payload before the message is sent and sets the packet `len` field appropriately (MAVLink 1 always sends all bytes).
- The `len` field contains the length of the payload data.
- A [CRC_EXTRA](#crc_extra) byte is added to the message [checksum](#checksum).
  接收器可以使用它来确认它与有效负载消息格式/定义兼容。

  ::: tip
  A MAVLink library should notify a bad CRC during decoding if a message specification is incompatible (e.g. the C library [mavlink_parse_char()](../getting_started/use_libraries.md#receiving) gives a status `MAVLINK_FRAMING_BAD_CRC`).
  :::

### Field Reordering {#field_reordering}

Message payload fields are reordered for transmission as follows:

- Fields are sorted according to their native data size:
  - `(u)int64_t`, `double` (8 bytes)
  - `(u)int32_t`, `float` (4)
  - `(u)int16_t` (2)
  - `(u)int8_t`, `char` (1)
- 如果两个字段的长度相同, 则它们的顺序将保留为数据字段大小排序之前的顺序
- 根据它们使用的数据类型处理数组，而不是根据总数组大小处理
- The over-the-air order is the same as for the `struct` and thus represents the reordered fields
- The `CRC_EXTRA` field is calculated _after_ the reordering, to ensure that a mistake during field reordering will be caught by a faulty CRC.
  提供的 Python, C 和 C# 参考执行测试，以便正确地重新排序，这只是习惯执行的关切。

The only exception to the above reordering is for [MAVLink 2 extension fields](../guide/define_xml_element.md#message_extensions).
Extension fields are sent in XML-declaration order and are not included in the [CRC_EXTRA](#crc_extra) calculation.
This allows new extension fields to be appended to the end of a message without breaking binary compatibility.

:::warning
This ordering is unique and can be easily implemented in a protocol generator by using a stable sorting algorithm. <strong>Warning</strong> 此订单是独特的，可以通过使用稳定的分类算法，很容易在协议中轻松实现。 The alternative to using sorting would be either to use inefficient alignment, which is bad for the target architectures for typical MAVLink applications, or to have function calls in the order of the variable size instead of the application context.
这将导致序列化函数的功能签名非常混乱。
:::

<!-- FYI: Field ordering is in pymavlink/generator/mavparse.py - see https://github.com/mavlink/mavlink-devguide/pull/27#issuecomment-349215965 for info -->

### Empty-Byte Payload Truncation (MAVLink 2) {#payload_truncation}

_MAVLink 2_ implementations _must_ truncate any empty (zero-filled) bytes at the end of the serialized payload before it is sent.
This contrasts with _MAVLink 1_, where bytes were sent for all fields regardless of content.

An implementation that receives a (non compliant) MAVLink 2 message with zero-filled trailing bytes must still support decoding of the message (if it is otherwise valid), and provide methods to route/forward the messages. The message may be forwarded either completely unaltered (i.e. with the zeros untrimmed and original CRC) or the forwarding implementation may trim the zeros and recalculate the CRC.

The actual fields affected/bytes saved depends on the message and its content
(MAVLink [field reordering](../guide/serialization.md#field_reordering) means that all we can say is that any truncated fields will typically be those with the smallest data size, or extension fields).

:::info
The first byte of the payload is never truncated, even if the payload consists entirely of zeros.
:::

:::info
The protocol only truncates empty bytes at the end of the serialized message payload;
any null bytes/empty fields within the body of the payload are not affected.
:::

### CRC_EXTRA Calculation {#crc_extra}

The `CRC_EXTRA` CRC is used to verify that the sender and receiver have a shared understanding of the over-the-wire format of a particular message.

:::tip
Changes in [message specifications](../messages/index.md) that might make the over-the-wire format incompatible include: new/removed fields, or changes to field name, data type, order, or array length.
:::

When the MAVLink code generator runs, it takes a checksum of the XML structure for each message and creates an array define `MAVLINK_MESSAGE_CRCS`.
This is used to initialise the `mavlink_message_crcs[]` array in the C/C++ implementation, and is similarly used in the Python (or any other, such as the C# and JavaScript) implementation.

When the sender calculates the checksum for a message it adds the `CRC_EXTRA` byte onto the end of the data that the checksum is calculated over.
The recipient calculates a checksum for the received message and adds its own `CRC_EXTRA` for the particular message id.
If the `CRC_EXTRA` for the sender and receiver are different the checksums will not match.

This approach ensures that only messages where the sender and recipient are using the same message structure will be decoded (or at least it makes a mistake much more unlikely, as for any checksum application).

If you are doing your own implementation of MAVLink you can get this checksum in one of two ways: you can include the generated headers and use `MAVLINK_MESSAGE_CRCS` to get the right seed for each message type, or you can re-implement the code that calculates the seed.

As MAVLink internally reorders the message fields according to their size to prevent word / halfword alignment issues (see [Data structure alignment](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20structure%20alignment) (Wikipedia) for further reference), and a wrongly implemented reordering potentially can cause inconsistencies as well, the `CRC_EXTRA` is calculated based on the over-the-air message layout rather than the XML order.

:::info
[MAVLink 2 extension fields](../guide/define_xml_element.md#message_extensions) are not included in the `CRC_EXTRA` calculation.
:::

This is the Python code that calculates the `CRC_EXTRA` seed:

```python
def message_checksum(msg):
    '''calculate a 8-bit checksum of the key fields of a message, so we
       can detect incompatible XML changes'''
    from .mavcrc import x25crc
    crc = x25crc()
    crc.accumulate_str(msg.name + ' ')
    # in order to allow for extensions the crc does not include
    # any field extensions
    crc_end = msg.base_fields()
    for i in range(crc_end):
        f = msg.ordered_fields[i]
        crc.accumulate_str(f.type + ' ')
        crc.accumulate_str(f.name + ' ')
        if f.array_length:
            crc.accumulate([f.array_length])
    return (crc.crc&0xFF) ^ (crc.crc>>8)
```

<!-- From https://github.com/mavlink/pymavlink/blob/master/generator/mavparse.py#L385 -->

:::info
This uses the same CRC-16/MCRF4XX checksum that is used at runtime.
It calculates a CRC over the message name (such as “RAW_IMU”) followed by the type and name of each field, space separated.
The order of the fields is the order they are sent over the wire. For arrays, the array length is also added.
:::

## Checksum {#checksum}

The packet format includes a 2-byte CRC-16/MCRF4XX to allow detection of message corruption.
See the MAVLink source code for [the documented C-implementation](https://github.com/mavlink/c_library_v2/blob/master/checksum.h).

The CRC covers the whole message, excluding `magic` byte and the signature (if present).
The CRC includes the [CRC_EXTRA](#crc_extra) byte, which is used to ensure that the sending and receiving systems share a common understanding of the message definition.
